Native Son by Richard Wright describes the life of Bigger Thomas, an African-American living in 1930s America, a country plagued by legal racism and segregation. Bigger senses the unfairness of his existence, of being black, and this feeling of injustice fills him with an anger that becomes unleashed at intervals throughout the novel. Bigger is not discriminatory to whom he is angry; he feels this way toward blacks and whites in his life, and toward himself. Bigger does not seem to grasp throughout most of the novel why exactly he is angry; he just knows that he is powerless to control almost any facet of his life:
He shut their voices out of his mind. He hated his family because he knew that they were suffering and that he was powerless to help them. He knew that the moment he allowed himself to feel to its fullness how they lived, the shame and the misery of their lives, he would be swept out of himself with fear and despair. So he held toward them an attitude of iron reserve; he lived with them, but behind a wall, a curtain. And toward himself he was even more exacting. He knew that the moment he allowed what his life meant to enter fully into his consciousness, he would either kill himself or someone else.
Bigger gets the opportunity to work as a chauffeur for a wealthy white family on the other side of town. The white family, in their way, tries to show Bigger kindness, treating him as a child by making decisions about his future for him (offering to pay for his education), to make him a “respectful” black man, one who is prosperous but knows his place. This makes Bigger angry, although he is uncertain why: he likes the material comforts of the white household (his own room, regular meals, etc., although it upsets him that his family lives in relative squalor to these people) but he desires the freedom to do whatever he wishes.
On his first night of work, Bigger is charged with driving Mary, the daughter in the wealthy white family, to a program at a nearby university. Instead of going to the program, Mary tells Bigger to take her to a tryst with her Communist boyfriend, Jan. Both Mary and Jan attempt, in their fashion, to treat Bigger as an equal (they ask him to call them by their first names, they share their drinks with him, they insist that he come into a restaurant and eat with them in public, etc.). Bigger is uncertain how to handle himself and becomes angry. But why should Bigger be angry? After all, Jan and Mary are trying to treat him well. It is because he doesn’t understand; whites are not supposed to treat him this way; what is the appropriate way for him to act? Like any human being, Bigger feels that they are humiliating him by expecting him to behave appropriately in a setting he is unaccustomed to. This is one of the stronger aspects of the book, how Wright reveals how any human being would feel the way Bigger feels if he/she were placed in similar situations.
After their night out, Bigger drops off Jan and takes Mary home. Mary is quite intoxicated, so Bigger is forced to assist her up the stairs and into her room. While he is placing her on her bed, Mary’s mother enters the bedroom. Bigger knows he should not be there; that the mother will suspect that he is trying to violate Mary. Fortunately, Mary’s mother is blind. Bigger maintains his silence and deseprately hopes that the mother will leave. Suddenly, Mary begins waking up and murmuring. Bigger knows he must keep her quiet or he will be doomed. Bigger places a pillow over Mary’s head to quiet her. She struggles. Bigger ultimately kills her, without the mother noticing.
After the murder, Bigger begins an elaborate plan to extort money from Mary’s family by implicating Mary’s Communist boyfriend, Jan. Eventually, after murdering his own girlfriend who became an unwilling co-conspirator in the ransom plan, and after a massive door-to-door manhunt of the entire city, Bigger is caught and brought to prison.
The murders and the ransom plot were the first acts that Bigger felt responsible for in his life. They were actions that he chose to perform without considering his place, without considering whether he was black or white or what that meant to anyone else:
During the last two days and nights he had lived so fast and so hard that it was an effort to keep it all real in his mind. So close had danger and death come that he could not feel that it was he who had undergone it. And, yet, out of it all, over and above all that had happened, impalpable but real, there remained to him a queer sense of power. He had done this. He had brought all this about. In all of his life these two murders were the most meaningful things that had ever happened to him. He was living, truly and deeply, no matter what others might think, looking at him with their blind eyes. Never had he had the chance to live out the consequences of his actions; never had his will been so free as in this night and day of fear and murder and flight.
Jan convinces his Communist friend, a lawyer named Max, to represent Bigger in court. However, in America, especially in the 1930s, Bigger is doomed before the trial even starts. Eventually, Bigger is sentenced to death. Bigger tries to trust Max, to find a common bond of human-ness in someone, but has difficulty achieving this trust, as he has no experience with respect and equality in personal relationships. Bigger goes to his death alone.
Bigger’s story and the many manifestations of injustice envisioned and discussed throughout Native Sonare heart-wrenching and prophetic. The book caused me to re-examine my notions of race, especially as during the time when I was reading the book, the Jena 6 case became prominently reported on. I admit that I felt some confusion about the Jena 6 circumstances. After all, a person was physically harmed. Whether he be white or black should not make a difference; his perpetrators should be punished. But of course, because of who we are as a society, we have to look at the context of this case as a part of the history of injustice perpetrated upon the black race. (The context for the Jena 6 was that they dared to gather under a tree where, historically, whites gathered. In retaliation, several whites hung nooses, reminiscent of lynchings, from the tree). Here is an extensive quote from a Leonard Pitts’ Op/Ed I read a few weeks ago in response to a reader’s e-mail to him. The reader stated that blacks were playing the “victim card” in the Jena 6 case when, in fact, whites have been victims of racially-motivated crimes and injustices as well as blacks:
Anyway, you were one of a number of readers who wrote to remind me of Simpson. If the point of your reference to him, Tawana Brawley and the Duke lacrosse case was that the justice system has repeatedly and historically mistreated whites, too, on the basis of race, I’m sorry, but that’s absurd.
Not that those cases were not travesties. They were. And if those travesties leave you outraged, well, I share that feeling.
But, here’s what I want you to do.
Take that sense of outrage, that sense of betrayal, of having been cheated by a system you once thought you could trust, and multiply it.
Multiply it by Valdosta and Waco and Birmingham and Fort Lauderdale and Money and Marion and Omaha and thousands of other cities and towns where black men and women were lynched, burned, bombed, shot, with impunity.
Multiply it by the thousands of cops and courts that refused to arrest or punish even when they held photographs of the perpetrators taken in the act. Multiply it by a million lesser outrages.
Multiply it by L.A. cops planting evidence. Multiply it by the black drug defendant who is 48 times more likely to go to jail than the white one who commits the same crime and has the same record.
Multiply it by Abner Louima and Amadou Diallo. Multiply it by 388 years.
And then come talk to me about O.J. Simpson.
You may call all that “playing victim.” I call it providing context. Jena did not happen in a vacuum. It did not spring from nowhere. So this false equivalence, this pretense that the justice system as experienced by white people and black ones is in any way similar, is ignorant and obnoxious.
I’m going to quote from Native Son again:
If only ten or twenty Negroes had been put into slavery, we could call it injustice, but there were hundreds of thousands of them throughout the country. If this state of affairs had lasted for two or three years, we could say that it was unjust; but it lasted more than two hundred years. Injustice which lasts for three long centuries and which exists among millions of people over thousands of square miles of territory, is injustice no longer; it is an accomplished fact of life . . . What is happening here today is not injustice but oppression . . .
But what is to be done? Every time I think about slavery, about racial injustice (or oppression), I feel guilty. How can I, as a white person, ever give enough to be redeemed from this guilt? I don’t think I can.
Back to the book. It was well-written with very clear and concise language. Wright is never over-dramatic or flowery. Bigger is not particularly likable but it is difficult not to sympathize with him (and all of the blacks in the story). My one criticism is the very long-winded speech by Bigger’s lawyer at the end, where he expounds on race in America. I don’t think this speech was necessary and ruined the unraveling of the racial themes: Wright basically just flat-out told us everything instead of having us discover these ideas through character development, setting, and plot (which he had done successfully throughout the rest of the book). Lastly, this book still has much relevance today, as seen above. I give it 4.5 out of 5 stars.